الجمعة، 8 فبراير 2008

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How currency trading





How currency trading is done traditionally



Currency trading is always done with currency pairs, such as EUR/USD, and so it is useful to consider the currency pair as an instrument, which can be bought or sold
Buying the currency pair implies buying the first, base currency and selling (short) an equivalent amount of the second, quote currency (to pay for the base currency). (It is not necessary for the trader to own the quote currency prior to selling, as it is sold short.) A speculator buys a currency pair, if she believes the base currency will go up relative to the quote currency, or equivalently that the corresponding exchange rate will go up
Selling the currency pair implies selling the first, base currency (short), and buying the second, quote currency. A speculator sells a currency pair, if she believes the base currency will go down relative to the quote currency, or equivalently, that the quote currency will go up relative to the base currency
After buying a currency pair, the trader will have an open position in the currency pair. Right after such a transaction, the value of the position will be close to zero, because the value of the base currency is more or less equal to the value of the equivalent amount of the quote currency. In fact, the value will be slightly negative, because of the spread involved
In todays currency market, a trade goes through a three-step process
the trader communicates the currency pair and the amount he/she would like to trade with another dealer
the dealer responds with a bid and an ask price
the trader responds to the bid and ask price with one of
buy (by saying "Mine" or "I buy" or "I take
sell (by saying "yours" or "I give you" or "I sell
refuse
The transaction occurs if the final response is either a buy or a sell. The dealer is required to quote a "good" market price, since he does not know whether the trader will buy or sell
The currency exchange market described above is referred to as the spot market and the transaction described is referred to as a spot deal. A spot deal consists of a bilateral contract between a party delivering a specified amount of a given currency against receiving a specified amount of another currency from a second counter party, based on an agreed exchange rate, within two business days of the deal date, which is referred to as the settlement date. (The settlement date for USD/CAD is one business day after the deal date.) Speculators rarely deliver, however. Instead, they use what is referred to as a rollover swap. The rollover swap is designed to allow the changing of an old deal date to the current date by simultaneously closing an open position for todays date and opening the same position for the next day at a price reflecting the interest rate differential between the two currencies
When a trader buys or sells a currency pair, the value of the currency pair, as an instrument, initially is close to zero. This is because (in the case of a buy) the quote currency is sold to buy an equivalent amount of the base currency. As the market rates fluctuate, however, the value of the currency pair position held will also fluctuate. Thus, if the rate for the currency pair goes down, the speculators long position will lose in value and become negative. To ensure that the speculator can carry the risk for the case where the position results in a loss, banks or dealers typically require sufficient collateral to cover those losses. This collateral is typically referred to as marginTo limit down-side risk, traders often specify a Stop-Loss rate for each open trade. The Stop-Loss specifies that the trade should be closed automatically when the currency exchange rate for the currency pair in question reaches a certain threshold. For long positions, the Stop-Loss rate is always lower than the current exchange rate; for short positions, it is always higher. Traders, at times, also specify a Take-Profit rate for their trades in order to lock in a profit when the exchange rate reaches a certain threshold. For long positions, the Take-Profit rate must be above the current rate, while for short positions, it must be below the current rate
A trader may also leave an order with a bank, broker or dealer. These so called leave orders are orders that a trade should be executed (in the future) when certain market conditions occur. There are three types of leave ordersentry orders: specifies that a currency pair should be traded when it reaches a certain exchange rate. Entry orders are used when the trade would not offset a current position
take-profit orders: are used to clear a position by buying (or selling) the currency pair of the position when the exchange rate reaches a specified level
stop-loss orders: are used to clear a position by buying (or selling) the currency pair of the position when the exchange rate reaches a specified level
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Introduction to Currency Exchange and the FX


Introduction to Currency Exchange and the FX Market

What is Currency Exchange
The Need for Currency Exchange

What is Currency ExchangeCurrency exchange is the trading of one currency against another. Professionals refer to this as foreign exchange, but may also use the acronyms Forex or FXThe Need for Currency Exchange
Currency exchange is necessary in numerous circumstances
Consumers typically come into contact with currency exchange when they travel. They go to a bank or currency exchange bureau to convert one currency (typically, their "home currency") into another (i.e., the currency of the country they intend to travel to) so they can pay for goods and services in the foreign country. Consumers may also purchase goods in a foreign country or via the Internet with their credit card, in which case they will find that the amount they paid in the foreign currency will have been converted to their home currency on their credit card statement. Although each such currency exchange is a relatively small transaction, the aggregate of all such transactions is significant
Businesses typically have to convert currencies when they conduct business outside their home country. For example, if they export goods to another country and receive payment in the currency of that foreign country, then the payment must often be converted back to the home currency. Similarly, if they have to import goods or services, then businesses will often have to pay in a foreign currency, requiring them to first convert their home currency into the foreign currency. Large companies convert huge amounts of currency each year; for example, a company such as General Electric (GE) converts tens of billions of dollars each year. The timing of when they convert can have a large affect on their balance sheet and "bottom lineInvestors and speculators require currency exchange whenever they trade in any foreign investment, be that equities, bonds, bank deposits, or real estate. For example, when a Swedish investor buys shares in Sun Microsystems on the NASDAQ, she will have to pay for the shares in U.S. Dollars and likely have to convert Swedish Krona to U.S. Dollars. Similarly, a Japanese real estate investor who sells a New York property may well want to convert the proceeds of the sale in U.S. Dollars to Japanese Yen
Investors and speculators also trade currencies directly in order to benefit from movements in the currency exchange markets. For example, if an American investor believes that the Japanese economy is strengthening and as a result expects the Japanese Yen to appreciate in value (i.e., go up relative to other currencies), then she may want to buy Japanese Yen and take what is referred to as a long position. Similarly, if an American investor believes that the Euro will go down over time, then she may want to sell Euro to take a short position. Interestingly, investors and speculators can profit equally from currencies becoming stronger (by taking a long position) or from currencies becoming weaker (by taking a short position). Speculators are often day traders, trying to take advantage of market movements in very short time periods; buying a currency and then selling it again may happen within hours or even minutes. They are attracted to currency trading for numerous reasons, including (i) the size and daily volatility of the market, which gives them unparalleled excitement, (ii) the almost perfect liquidity of the currency exchange market, (iii) the fact that the currency exchange market is "open" 24 hours a day market, and (vi) the fact that currencies can be traded with no brokerage chargesCommercial and Investment Banks trade currencies as a service for their commercial banking, deposit and lending customers. These institutions also generally participate in the currency market for hedging and proprietary trading purposesGovernments and central banks trade currencies to improve trading conditions or to intervene in an attempt to adjust economic or financial imbalances. Although they do not trade for speculative reasons --- they are a non-profit organization --- they often tend to be profitable, since they generally trade on a long-term basis

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Forex Gameplan Lesson






Forex Gameplan Lesson

Getting Started With Forex

When it comes to getting started in forex trading, there are quite a few things that you have to consider first. The first thing that you need to do is to find and choose the right broker to help you in making your trades.
When you are choosing a Broker you need to know that there are many FOREX brokers to choose from, just as in any other market. Here are some things that you need to look for in making your choice:
Low Spreads The spread, which is calculated in pips, is the difference between the price at which a currency can be bought and the price at which it can be sold at any specific point in time. FOREX brokers don't charge a commission, so this difference is how they are going to make money.
When you are comparing brokers, you will find that the difference in spreads in FOREX is as large as the difference in commissions in the stock arena. What this means is that lower spreads will save you money and therefore, look for a broker that offers low spreads.
Quality of the Forex InstitutionUnlike equity brokers, FOREX brokers are usually attached to large banks or lending institutions because of the large amounts of capital that is required. Also, FOREX brokers should be registered with the Futures Commission Merchant (FCM) as well as regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).
You can find this and other financial information and statistics about a FOREX brokerage on the company’s website or the website of its parent company. You will want to make sure that your broker is backed by a reliable institution.
Extensive Tools and Forex Research FOREX brokers offer many different trading platforms for their clients just like brokers in other markets do. These different trading platforms often show real-time charts, technical analysis tools, real-time news and data, and even support for the various trading systems.
Before you commit to any one broker in specific, you will need to be sure to request free trials so that you can test their different trading platforms. Brokers usually provide technical as well as fundamental commentaries, economic calendars, and other research as a means of assisting you. Basically, you will want to find a broker who will give you everything that you need to succeed.
A Variety of Leverage OptionsLeverage is a key necessity in FOREX trading because the price deviations (the sources of profit) are just set at mere fractions of a cent. Leverage, which is expressed as a ratio between total capitals that is available to actual capital, which is the amount of money a broker will lend you for trading.
For example, when you have a ratio of 100:1, this means that your broker would lend you $100 for every $1 of actual capital. Many brokerage firms will offer you as much as 250:1.
Of course, you need to remember that lower leverage also means lower risk of a margin call, but it also means that you will get a lower bang for your buck (and vice-versa). Basically if you have limited capital, you need to make sure that your broker offers high leverage.
If capital is not a problem, you can rest assured that any broker that has a wide variety of leverage options should suffice. A variety of options lets you vary the amount of risk you are willing to take. For example, less leverage (and therefore less risk) may be preferable if you are dealing with highly volatile (exotic) currency pairs.
Account Types Many brokers will offer you two or more types of accounts. The smallest account is known as a mini account and it requires you to trade with a minimum of maybe $300.
This offers you a high amount of leverage (which you need in order to make money with so little initial capital). The standard account allows you to trade at a variety of different leverages, but it also requires a minimum initial capital of $2,000 to get you started.
Lastly, there are premium accounts, which often require significant amounts of capital to get you started. It also lets you use different amounts of leverage and often offer additional tools and services. You will need to make sure that the broker you choose has the right leverage, tools, and services that are relevant to the amount of capital that you are able to work with.
Forex Brokers that you need to avoidJust like there are brokers that you want, there are also brokers that you will want to stay away from. For example brokers who are prone to prematurely buying or selling near preset points (commonly referred to as sniping and hunting) are trifling things that are committed by brokers who only seek to increase profits.
Obviously, no broker would actually admit to doing this, but there are ways to know if a broker has committed this offense.
Unfortunately, the only way that you can really determine which brokers do this and which brokers don't is to talk to fellow traders. There is no actual list or organization that reports this kind of activity. The point here is that you have to talk to others in person or visit online discussion forums to find out who is an honest broker.
Strict Margin Rules When you are trading with borrowed money, your broker should have a say in how much risk you are able to take. With this in mind, your broker can buy or sell at its discretion, which can be a really bad thing for you.
Let's just say that you have a margin account, and your position takes a headlong nosedive before it begins to rebound to all-time highs. Even if you have enough cash to cover it, some brokers will liquidate your position on a margin call at that low. This action on their part can cost you dearly. You talk to others in person or visit online discussion forums to find out who the honest brokers are.
Signing up for a FOREX account is a great deal like getting an equity account. The only major difference is that, for FOREX accounts, you are obligated to sign a margin agreement.
This agreement basically says that you are trading with borrowed money, and, because of this the brokerage firm has the right to interfere with your trades in order to protect its interests. Once you sign up, all you have to do is fund your account and you'll be ready to trade right away.
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Forex Gameplan Lesson #2 Getting Started With Forex
When it comes to getting started in forextrading, there are quite a few things that you have to consider first. The first thing that you need to do is to find and choose the right broker to help you in making your trades
When you are choosing a Broker you need to know that there are many FOREX brokers to choose from, just as in any other market. Here are some things that you need to look for in making your choiceLow Spreads The spread, which is calculated in pips, is the difference between the price at which a currency can be bought and the price at which it can be sold at any specific point in time. FOREX brokers don't charge a commission, so this difference is how they are going to make money
When you are comparing brokers, you will find that the difference in spreads in FOREX is as large as the difference in commissions in the stock arena. What this means is that lower spreads will save you money and therefore, look for a broker that offers low spreadsQuality of the Forex Institution Unlike equity brokers, FOREX brokers are usually attached to large banks or lending institutions because of the large amounts of capital that is required. Also, FOREX brokers should be registered with the Futures Commission Merchant (FCM) as well as regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)
You can find this and other financial information and statistics about a FOREX brokerage on the company’s website or the website of its parent company. You will want to make sure that your broker is backed by a reliable institution
Extensive Tools and Forex Research FOREX brokers offer many different trading platforms for their clients just like brokers in other markets do. These different trading platforms often show real-time charts, technical analysis tools, real-time news and data, and even support for the various trading systems
Before you commit to any one broker in specific, you will need to be sure to request free trials so that you can test their different trading platforms. Brokers usually provide technical as well as fundamental commentaries, economic calendars, and other research as a means of assisting you. Basically, you will want to find a broker who will give you everything that you need to succeed
A Variety of Leverage Options Leverage is a key necessity in FOREX trading because the price deviations (the sources of profit) are just set at mere fractions of a cent. Leverage, which is expressed as a ratio between total capitals that is available to actual capital, which is the amount of money a broker will lend you for trading
For example, when you have a ratio of 100:1, this means that your broker would lend you $100 for every $1 of actual capital. Many brokerage firms will offer you as much as 250:1
Of course, you need to remember that lower leverage also means lower risk of a margin call, but it also means that you will get a lower bang for your buck (and vice-versa). Basically if you have limited capital, you need to make sure that your broker offers high leverage
If capital is not a problem, you can rest assured that any broker that has a wide variety of leverage options should suffice. A variety of options lets you vary the amount of risk you are willing to take. For example, less leverage (and therefore less risk) may be preferable if you are dealing with highly volatile (exotic) currency pairs
Account Types Many brokers will offer you two or more types of accounts. The smallest account is known as a mini account and it requires you to trade with a minimum of maybe $300.
This offers you a high amount of leverage (which you need in order to make money with so little initial capital). The standard account allows you to trade at a variety of different leverages, but it also requires a minimum initial capital of $2,000 to get you started
Lastly, there are premium accounts, which often require significant amounts of capital to get you started. It also lets you use different amounts of leverage and often offer additional tools and services. You will need to make sure that the broker you choose has the right leverage, tools, and services that are relevant to the amount of capital that you are able to work withForex Brokers that you need to avoid Just like there are brokers that you want, there are also brokers that you will want to stay away from. For example brokers who are prone to prematurely buying or selling near preset points (commonly referred to as sniping and hunting) are trifling things that are committed by brokers who only seek to increase profits
Obviously, no broker would actually admit to doing this, but there are ways to know if a broker has committed this offense
Unfortunately, the only way that you can really determine which brokers do this and which brokers don't is to talk to fellow traders. There is no actual list or organization that reports this kind of activity. The point here is that you have to talk to others in person or visit online discussion forums to find out who is an honest brokerStrict Margin Rules When you are trading with borrowed money, your broker should have a say in how much risk you are able to take. With this in mind, your broker can buy or sell at its discretion, which can be a really bad thing for you
Let's just say that you have a margin account, and your position takes a headlong nosedive before it begins to rebound to all-time highs. Even if you have enough cash to cover it, some brokers will liquidate your position on a margin call at that low. This action on their part can cost you dearly. You talk to others in person or visit online discussion forums to find out who the honest brokers areSigning up for a FOREX account is a great deal like getting an equity account. The only major difference is that, for FOREX accounts, you are obligated to sign a margin agreement
This agreement basically says that you are trading with borrowed money, and, because of this the brokerage firm has the right to interfere with your trades in order to protect its interests. Once you sign up, all you have to do is fund your account and you'll be ready to trade right away
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